Petroleum prices are determined by market forces of supply and demand.
The main components of the retail price of gasoline
The cost of crude oil
Refining costs and profits
Distribution and marketing costs and profits
Taxes
The government doesn't control gasoline prices, but the government does control the taxes that make up a part of the price paid at the pump. Government also controls access to government lands where crude is extracted, and controls the regulations that can affect supply of oil, gas, and gasoline, such as denial of building permits for oil pipelines or the construction of new refineries. Restrictions on supply, when demand remains constant, will result in higher prices. If you're old enough, you may remember the 1970's oil embargo. That was a restriction put upon the US by OPEC. The result of restriction of supply was an immediate jump in prices. I remember my parents sitting in lines or cars to get gas. And the gas available was limited to maybe 5 gallons a car at a time. Gas prices are a result of market forces (supply versus demand), which are affected by government activities.
U.S. presidents have very little control over the price per gallon consumers pay at the pump.
Let’s specifically focus on the spring transition to summer-blend fuel. For two decades, NACS has communicated the issues that affect prices because without an explanation, consumers and/or politicians tend to blame the convenience store as the place that's responsible for their pain. And convenience stores sell 80% of the gas purchased in the United States.
But it’s more complicated than that, and it begins around the coldest time of the year. The first week of February is generally the lowest point of the season, but the spring transition generally leads to a shortage of product when demand begins to increase. These supply-demand imbalances usually lead to price adjustments.
Since the final implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments in 2000, the seasonal transition to summer-blend fuel has helped gasoline prices rise significantly before they reached their peak, with increases ranging from a low of 1 cent in 2020 (which needs some explanation) to a high of $1.56 per gallon in 2022. The average annual increase is 52.4 cents per gallon.
So, imagine you are running for president. Wouldn’t you want to make that number lower? There have been six presidential elections since 2000. And let’s assume that whether you are president and want to get reelected or help your party to keep the presidency, you’d push every lever at your disposal to minimize price increases. But prices have actually risen even more during these presidential election years: 49.9 vs. 48.5 cents per gallon through 2020. Yes, it’s not a big increase but you’d think that it would be a big decrease if presidents controlled gas prices, right?
What about from a legacy perspective? Can presidents say that they reduced gas prices over their term in office? Nope. Every president since 2000 has left office with gas prices higher than they took office.
Turns out that U.S. presidents have very little control over the price per gallon consumers pay at the pump.
www.convenience.org