Public Health Agency of Canada: "Trends in cannabis-attributable hospitalizations and emergency department visits: data from the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms Study (2007–2020)." This reports a 120% increase in hospitalizations and ~88-113% in ED visits over the period, with notable rises in neuropsychiatric conditions and acute intoxication in children/youth. Much of the rise occurred pre-legalization, but post-2018 saw continued increases. Link:
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-hea...canadian-substance-use-costs-harms-study.html
JAMA Network Open (2023): "Changes in Cannabis-Attributable Hospitalizations Following Nonmedical Legalization in Canada." Analyzed data from four provinces (covering ~26.9 million people); found an overall 1.62-fold increase in standardized hospitalization rates from 2015 to 2021, with declines immediately post-legalization (during restricted market phase) but increases during commercialization/COVID-19 expansion. Largest relative rise was in cannabis-induced psychosis. Suggests greater legal market access may link to higher harms. Link:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2810194
The Lancet Public Health / ScienceDirect (2024): "The adverse public health effects of non-medical cannabis legalisation in Canada and the USA." Summarizes evidence of substantial post-retail expansion increases in cannabis-related ED visits, poison control calls, and hospitalizations in Canada and US. Link:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(24)00299-8/fulltext
PMC / The Lancet Regional Health – Americas (related studies, 2024-2025): Multiple papers, including on cannabis involvement in ED visits for anxiety disorders, 156% higher rates during commercialization/COVID period relative to pre-legalization, and broader trends in misuse/hospitalizations. Link:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11225812